I don't have to tell you that testing is a fundamental part of the product development cycle, although I just did. No matter if you are developing for the desktop, web, or mobile space, you should make sure that the end software system works as required. This blog will go through two flavors of testing on the Android platform: unit and functional.
Unit tests tell the developer that the code runs correctly, while functional tests tell the developer that the code is doing what is supposed to do. To more clearly understand the difference, I will use the analogy mentioned in http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/library/j-test.html. If you think of building a system as being similar to building a house, then think of unit tests as having the building inspector at the construction's site, focusing on making sure that the internal system of the house (foundation, plumbing, etc) works correctly, while functional testing as having the homeowner visiting the house and being interested in how the house looks, if the rooms have the desired size, etc. He assumes that the internal functions of the house work properly.
In unit testing, think of a unit as being the smallest testable part of an application, such as a function/method. The goal is to isolate such parts and make sure they run correctly by being able to test them repeatably. Unit tests are written from the developer's perspective, and as a developer, we have to make sure that we understand the specification and requirements of our software system before writing unit tests. This can be achieved through use cases.
The flow of unit testing is shown below:
Android uses JUnit, and open source framework for writing and running unit tests. Some of the framework's features are:
- Assertions for testing expected results
- Test fixtures for sharing common data
- Test runners for running tests
How does JUnit work? You use assert statements to assert that something is true
(assertTrue(expected, actual), assertTrue(condition), etc), that something is false (assertFalse(condition), etc), that something is equal (assertEqual(expected, actual), etc). When an assert fails, the test failed for that particular case, hence your code needs to be fixed (assuming the unit test was written correctly). Starting with version 4.x, JUnit takes advantage of Java 5 Annotations:
- @Test
- Mark your test cases with the @Test annotation
- @Before and @After
- Used for "setup" and "tearDown" methods
- They run before and after every test case
- @BeforeClass and @AfterClass
- Used for class wide "setup" and "tearDown"
- They run one time, before and after all test cases
- You write you initialization code (i.e. open database connection) and cleanup code (i.e. close database connection) in here
- @Ignore
- Used for test cases you want to ignore (i.e. on methods that are not fully implemented yet, hence are not ready to be ran)
- Exception Handling
- Use the "expected" parameter with the @Test annotation for test cases that expect exceptions (i.e.
@Test(expected = ArithmeticException.class) ...)
Let us look at a Java Example, namely a Calculator application. The class that incorporates the basic functionality of a calculator is shown below:
/**
package edu.fau.csi.junit;
/**
* Simple class that incorporates the basic functionality of a calculator, providing methods to
* add, subtract, multiply, and divide to double numbers.
*
* @author Mihai Fonoage
*
*/
public class Calculator {
/**
* Left operand of the operation to be performed.
*/
private double leftOperand;
/**
* Right operand of the operation to be performed.
*/
private double rightOperand;
/**
* Constructs a Calculator object by initializing the leftOperand and rightOperand
* with the given values.
*
* @param leftOperand Left operand.
* @param rightOperand Right operand.
*/
public Calculator(double leftOperand, double rightOperand) {
this.leftOperand = leftOperand;
this.rightOperand = rightOperand;
}
/**
* Adds the leftOperand to the rightOperand.
*
* @return The sum of the two operands.
*/
public double add() {
return leftOperand + rightOperand;
}
/**
* Subtracts the rightOperand from the leftOperand.
*
* @return The subtraction of the two operands.
*/
public double subtract() {
return leftOperand - rightOperand;
}
/**
* Multiply the leftOperand to the rightOperand.
*
* @return The multiplication of the two operands.
*/
public double multiply() {
return leftOperand * rightOperand;
}
/**
* Divides the leftOperand to the rightOperand.
*
* @return The division of the two operands.
*/
public double divide() {
if (rightOperand == 0) {
throw new ArithmeticException("right operand should not be zero!");
}
return leftOperand / rightOperand;
}
}
I created a new source folder named test and included the following test class (by right-clicking on the project name -> New -> JUnit Test Case, choose "New JUnit 4 test", and as the class under test, search for the above Calculator class):
package edu.fau.csi.junit;
import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
import org.junit.After;
import org.junit.Before;
import org.junit.Test;
/**
* JUnit Test case for the Calculator class.
*
* @author Mihai Fonoage
*
*/
public class CalculatorTest {
private Calculator calculator;
/**
* Sets up the test fixture.
* (Called before every test case method.)
*/
@Before
public void setUp() {
calculator = new Calculator(6, 4);
}
/**
* Tears down the test fixture.
* (Called after every test case method.)
*/
@After
public void tearDown() {
calculator = null;
}
/**
* Test method for {@link edu.fau.csi.junit.Calculator#add()}.
*/
@Test
public void testAdd() {
assertTrue(calculator.add() == 10);
}
/**
* Test method for {@link edu.fau.csi.junit.Calculator#subtract()}.
*/
@Test
public void testSubtract() {
assertTrue(calculator.subtract() == 2);
}
/**
* Test method for {@link edu.fau.csi.junit.Calculator#multiply()}.
*/
@Test
public void testMultiply() {
assertTrue(calculator.multiply() == 24);
}
/**
* Test method for {@link edu.fau.csi.junit.Calculator#divide()}.
*/
@Test
public void testDivide() {
assertTrue(calculator.divide() == 1.5);
}
/**
* Test method for {@link edu.fau.csi.junit.Calculator#divide()}.
*/
@Test(expected = ArithmeticException.class)
public void testDivideByZero() {
Calculator calculator = new Calculator(6, 0);
calculator.divide();
}
}
To run everything, right-click on the CalculatorTest class -> Run As -> JUnit Test. All five tests should pass.
Functional tests are written from the user's perspective. They confirm that the system does what the user expected it to do, based on the functional requirements of the system, hence it focuses on the behavior that users are interested in. The tester interacts with the system to determine if the behavior is correct.
In Android, functional testing is possible through the android.test.* package(s). We are going to use the same Calculator example, adapted for Android. When you create the Calculator Android project in Eclipse, choose also co create a Test Project for it. You will end up with two project, the Calculator project and the CalculatorTest project. The layout of the Calculator project is described below:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout android:id="@+id/linear"
android:layout_width="fill_parent"
android:layout_height="fill_parent"
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:orientation="vertical">
<TableLayout android:id="@+id/table"
android:layout_width="fill_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:orientation="vertical"
android:stretchColumns="1">
<TableRow>
<TextView android:id="@+id/leftOperand_label"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:padding="3dip"
android:textStyle="bold"
android:text="Left Operand">
</TextView>
<EditText android:id="@+id/leftOperand"
android:padding="3dip"
android:numeric="decimal"
android:singleLine="true"
android:scrollHorizontally="true"
android:nextFocusDown="@+id/rightOperand">
</EditText>
</TableRow>
<TableRow>
<TextView android:id="@+id/rightOperand_label"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:padding="3dip"
android:textStyle="bold"
android:text="Right Operand">
</TextView>
<EditText android:id="@+id/rightOperand"
android:padding="3dip"
android:singleLine="true"
android:scrollHorizontally="true"
android:nextFocusDown="@+id/plus">
</EditText>
</TableRow>
</TableLayout>
<LinearLayout android:id="@+id/buttons_linear"
android:layout_width="fill_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:orientation="horizontal">
<Button android:id="@+id/plus"
android:layout_width="0px"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_weight="1"
android:padding="6dip"
android:text="+"
android:layout_gravity="center_horizontal"
android:nextFocusRight="@+id/minus">
</Button>
<Button android:id="@+id/minus"
android:layout_width="0px"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_weight="1"
android:padding="6dip"
android:text="-"
android:layout_gravity="center_horizontal"
android:nextFocusRight="@+id/multiply">
</Button>
<Button android:id="@+id/multiply"
android:layout_width="0px"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_weight="1"
android:padding="6dip"
android:text="*"
android:layout_gravity="center_horizontal"
android:nextFocusRight="@+id/divide">
</Button>
<Button android:id="@+id/divide"
android:layout_width="0px"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_weight="1"
android:padding="6dip"
android:text="/"
android:layout_gravity="center_horizontal"
android:nextFocusRight="@+id/divide">
</Button>
<Button android:id="@+id/clear"
android:layout_width="0px"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_weight="1"
android:padding="6dip"
android:text="C"
android:layout_gravity="center_horizontal"
android:nextFocusRight="@+id/divide">
</Button>
</LinearLayout>
<TextView android:id="@+id/result"
android:layout_width="fill_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:padding="20dip"
android:textStyle="bold"
android:gravity="right"
android:text="Result">
</TextView>
</LinearLayout>
It is a simple layout, with two initial text fields for the left and right operand, five buttons, each for one operation, plus a clear button, and one text field that will hold the result of the calculation. As a side note, I have put the text for each of these elements inside the layout xml file to save some time; you should put them inside the strings.xml file instead.
The CalculatorActivity class is described next:
package edu.fau.csi.calculator;
import android.app.Activity;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.view.View;
import android.view.View.OnClickListener;
import android.widget.Button;
import android.widget.EditText;
import android.widget.TextView;
public class CalculatorActivity extends Activity implements OnClickListener {
private EditText leftOperand;
private EditText rightOperand;
private TextView result;
private Calculator calculator;
/** Called when the activity is first created. */
@Override
public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.calculator);
leftOperand = (EditText)findViewById(R.id.leftOperand);
rightOperand = (EditText)findViewById(R.id.rightOperand);
result = (TextView)findViewById(R.id.result);
Button plus = (Button)findViewById(R.id.plus);
plus.setOnClickListener(this);
Button minus = (Button)findViewById(R.id.minus);
minus.setOnClickListener(this);
Button multiply = (Button)findViewById(R.id.multiply);
multiply.setOnClickListener(this);
Button divide = (Button)findViewById(R.id.divide);
divide.setOnClickListener(this);
Button clear = (Button)findViewById(R.id.clear);
clear.setOnClickListener(this);
}
@Override
public void onClick(View view) {
double leftOp = Double.parseDouble(leftOperand.getText().toString());
double rightOp = Double.parseDouble(rightOperand.getText().toString());
calculator = new Calculator(leftOp, rightOp);
if (view.getId() == R.id.plus) {
result.setText("" + calculator.add());
}
else if (view.getId() == R.id.minus) {
result.setText("" + calculator.add());
}
else if (view.getId() == R.id.multiply) {
result.setText("" + calculator.multiply());
}
else if (view.getId() == R.id.divide) {
result.setText("" + calculator.divide());
}
else if (view.getId() == R.id.clear) {
leftOperand.setText("");
rightOperand.setText("");
result.setText("");
leftOperand.requestFocus();
}
}
}
The Calculator class that actually does the calculations is exactly the same as the one from the Java example.
When you run this example, you will get the following screen:
The unit testing part is the same as the one mentioned in the unit testing section of this blog. You can still test your business logic without needing to interact with the application through its user interface. Actually, Calculator.java and CalculatorTest.java were just copied from the Java example to the Android without making any modifications.
Functional testing for this example involves the process of entering numbers in the two text fields, pressing one of the operations button, and checking the result to make sure it is the expected one. Instead of having the developer/user/tester do this manually, we can automate the task by sending key events through instrumentation, all from the CalculatorActivityTest class from the CalculatorTest application:
package edu.fau.csi.calculator.test;
import android.test.ActivityInstrumentationTestCase2;
import android.view.KeyEvent;
import android.widget.TextView;
import edu.fau.csi.calculator.CalculatorActivity;
public class CalculatorActivityTest extends ActivityInstrumentationTestCase2<CalculatorActivity>{
private TextView result;
private CalculatorActivity calculatorInstance;
public CalculatorActivityTest() {
super("edu.fau.csi.calculator", CalculatorActivity.class);
}
/* (non-Javadoc)
* @see android.test.ActivityInstrumentationTestCase2#setUp()
*/
@Override
protected void setUp() throws Exception {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
super.setUp();
calculatorInstance = (CalculatorActivity) getActivity();
result = (TextView)calculatorInstance.findViewById(R.id.result);
}
/**
* Test the addition operation of the CalculatorActivity
*
* @throws Throwable
*/
public void testAdd() throws Throwable {
//First field value
sendKeys( KeyEvent.KEYCODE_3 );
sendKeys( KeyEvent.KEYCODE_PERIOD );
sendKeys( KeyEvent.KEYCODE_5 );
//Move to the second field
sendKeys( KeyEvent.KEYCODE_DPAD_DOWN );
sendKeys( KeyEvent.KEYCODE_2 );
sendKeys( KeyEvent.KEYCODE_PERIOD );
sendKeys( KeyEvent.KEYCODE_1 );
//Move to the '+' button
sendKeys( KeyEvent.KEYCODE_DPAD_DOWN );
sendKeys( KeyEvent.KEYCODE_DPAD_CENTER );
//Wait for the activity to finish all of its processing.
getInstrumentation().waitForIdleSync();
//Use assertion to make sure the value is correct
assertTrue(result.getText().toString().equals("5.6"));
}
}
The above activity test class inherits from the ActivityInstrumentationTestCase2 that provides functional testing of a single activity, namely our CalculatorActivity. The above code only tests the add method, but similar implementations can be done for all other three calculations.
The Android manifest file for the CalculatorTest project is described next:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<manifest xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
package="edu.fau.csi.calculator.test"
android:versionCode="1"
android:versionName="1.0">
<application android:icon="@drawable/icon" android:label="@string/app_name">
<uses-library android:name="android.test.runner" />
</application>
<uses-sdk android:minSdkVersion="4" />
<instrumentation android:targetPackage="edu.fau.csi.calculator"
android:name="android.test.InstrumentationTestRunner" />
</manifest>
When the activity is ran for the first time, you have to create a new Android JUnit Test configuration. There are two possibilities, both shown below:
When you run this, the Calculator application will start in the emulator, you will see the two text fields being populated with the values 3.5 and 2.1, the "+" button being pressed, and the result field populated with the result of the operation, namely 5.6.
I hope you find this helpful!
